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Seabed 2030 would improve Japan’s fisheries management and its tsunami and typhoon preparation, as well as clarify territorial claims in the South China Sea.īut the mapping is a truly global collaboration, public and free to use, divided among four regional centres. In the past, the foundation has addressed thorny global challenges such as eliminating leprosy or fighting food insecurity, and a complete seafloor map fits within its mandate, as well as Japan’s wider national interests. Photograph: Atlantic Productionsįew countries need accurate maps of the seabed more than Japan, an island nation whose future is uniquely intertwined with the ocean’s, and it is the Nippon Foundation, a Japanese non-profit organisation run on the gambling proceeds of motorboat racing, that is backing Seabed 2030 with $2m every year. New images of the side of the RMS Titanic in her resting place at the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean, taken during a survey of the wreckage from a manned submersible on an expedition in August 2019.

The rest sat in darkness, except for a few pinpricks of light. So, too, were well-traversed shipping lanes. Ferrini recently sent another version of the map, this one blacking out all the uncharted ocean today. Additional techniques also collect water temperature and salinity along the way. The device sends down a fan of sound waves, which computers decipher into a three-dimensional portrait of the seafloor’s shape and composition. The gold standard for seafloor mapping today is a multi-beam echosounder, which can be attached directly on to the hull of a ship. Sound, on the other hand, travels more efficiently underwater than it does in air. Light travels far and fast in space, but the laser altimeters that we use to chart celestial bodies are ineffective in water – the lasers are simply absorbed. But we tend to skip over why it is so difficult to map the seafloor: there is a massive obstacle in the way called the ocean. It seems astounding that faraway planets can be more accessible than our own. It’s often said that humanity knows more about the surface of the moon than we do the seafloor. In 2014, the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines MH370 seemed to baffle us: how was it possible that with all our modern technology, something as huge as an entire plane could simply disappear? Photograph: Bettmann/Bettmann Archiveĭuring the 20th century there were brief bursts of enthusiasm for mapping the sea, including the search for Amelia Earhart’s lost plane, a Lockheed Electra, and the hunt for the wreck of the Titanic. The quest to find her plane has led to attempts to map the seabed.

The pilot Amelia Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, with a map of the Pacific that shows the route of their last flight in 1937. Maps – or the lack thereof – play a role in nearly every critical ocean issue, from sea level rise to ocean acidification to biodiversity.

The following year, an OECD report estimated that the ocean economy employed 31 million people full-time and generated $1.5 trillion each year. The First World Ocean Assessment, published by the UN Environment Programme in 2015, revealed that the ocean’s very ability to function was in jeopardy.

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A series of reports have warned of the ocean’s impending collapse. On 21 June, the global initiative – known formally as the Nippon Foundation-Gebco Seabed 2030 Project – released its latest edition: it has now mapped one-fifth of the seafloor. When it began, around 6% of the ocean was mapped in accurate detail. The race officially kicked off in 2017 at the United Nations Ocean Conference in New York City. Ferrini’s map is humanity’s best effort to date: a crucial document in what has become a race to map the entire seafloor by the end of the decade. It’s a particular challenge when it comes to the ocean, the vast majority of which is not just unmapped, but unknown. Mapping requires an ability to see the forest as well as the trees – or in this case, the coral as well as the sea.

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